Harvard Writing Style

Library Guide on Harvard Citing and Referencing Contents Introduction2 Choosing a reference style2 What is referencing? 2 Why reference? 2 When to reference? (Plagiarism)3 In-text references4 Reference List5 Abbreviations5 Examples6 Authors6 Books8 Book8 Book chapter8 e-book from a database8 e-book from the Internet9 Encyclopaedia or dictionary9 Secondary citation9 No date10 Journal articles10 Journal article10 e-journal article from a database10 In press article11 Magazine article – no author11 Newspaper articles11 Newspaper article11Newspaper article from a database11 Internet sources12 Discussion list message12 Newsgroup message12 Blogs12 Website documents13 Course notes13 Course notes from RMIT University Library reserve13 Course notes from RMIT University Library e-reserve13 Course notes from Online @ RMIT14 Reports14 Government publications14 Parliamentary debates14 Australian Bureau of Statistics15 Legislation and Legal cases15 Legislation15 Legal cases15 Other sources1 6 Conference paper16 Thesis16 Patent16 CD-ROM16 Film, video, TV and radio program17Personal communication17 Bibliography17 Introduction The author-date system originated at Harvard University, and although they no longer produce a standard guide to referencing, a version of the author-date system is still commonly referred to as the Harvard style. Other author-date referencing styles include: Chicago, APA and MLA. The Harvard Style of referencing is widely accepted in scholarly circles. Each reference is indicated in the text by the author and date of the publication cited, sometimes with added information such as page numbers.The full details of these references are listed at the end of the text in a Reference list. There are many different styles or ways of using the Harvard or author-date system. This document is meant only as a guide. It is important that you check with your School as to what they require for referencing. You may be penalised for not conforming to your Schoolâ⠂¬â„¢s requirements. Further details and examples may be found in the Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002). Electronic resources are not adequately addressed in theStyle manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) and so the principles of author-date citing have been applied in developing those examples. The information and examples are derived from the following source: Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia. Choosing a reference style The style (i. e. order in which the details of a reference are cited) may vary depending on the requirements of your department, lecturer or supervisor. Some Schools produce their own guidelines for citing references.Check with your School whether they have a preferred Referencing Style. The Library also has a Style Manuals page (http://www. rmit. edu. au/library/reference/manuals) that provides links to websites on various referencing styles. What is referencing? Referencing an information source used in an academic work means to employ a standardised method of acknowledging that source. The full details of the source must be given. All information used in your assignment, thesis, etc. , whether published, or unpublished, must be referenced. Why reference? When writing a piece of academic work (ie. essay, thesis, etc. you are required to acknowledge the sources of information that you have used: Oto prove that your work has a substantial, factual basis Oto show the research you've done to reach your conclusions Oto allow your readers to identify and retrieve the references for their own use Information obtained from the Internet is covered by copyright law. For this reason it is important to cite Internet references just as you would cite print references. Many style guide producers have extended the system used for print resources and applied this to electronic resources. A date of access is very useful as Internet resources change rapidly.When to refere nce? (Plagiarism) You must reference all sources used in a particular work whether you are: Odirectly copying the words of another author (quoting), or Oputting their ideas into your own words (paraphrasing) If you do not acknowledge these sources, then you are plagiarising their work. Plagiarism is defined as the taking, using, and passing off as your own, the ideas or words of another. It is a very serious academic offence, and may result in your work being failed automatically. There is more information on this subject in Copyright, plagiarism and fair use[-;0] (http://www. rmit. edu. u/library/info-trek/copyright). RMIT University definition of plagiarism RMIT has an assessment charter, which elaborates key responsibilities common to all staff and students in relation to assessment and defines the University’s policy on plagiarism. Plagiarism is defined (RMIT 2003a) as stealing somebody’s intellectual property (IP) by presenting their work, thoughts or ideas as tho ugh they are your own. It is cheating. It is a serious academic offence and can lead to expulsion from RMIT. Plagiarism can take many forms – written, graphic and visual forms, and includes use of electronic data and material used in oral presentations.Plagiarism may even occur unintentionally, such as when the origin of the material used is not properly cited. What constitutes plagiarism? Under the charter, you may be accused of plagiarism if you do any of the following: OCopy sentences or paragraphs word-for-word from any source, whether published or unpublished (including, but not limited to books, journals, reports, theses, websites, conference papers, course notes, etc. ) without proper citation. OClosely paraphrase sentences, paragraphs, ideas or themes without proper citation. OPiece together text from one or more sources and add only linking sentences without proper citation.OCopy or submit whole or parts of computer files without acknowledging their source. OCopy des igns or works of art and submit them as your original work. OCopy a whole or any part of another student’s work. OSubmit work as your own that someone else has done for you. Enabling Plagiarism is the act of assisting or allowing another person to plagiarise your own work (RMIT 2003a). It is also a serious academic offence. More detail on what constitutes plagiarism is found in the January 2003 Policy: Plagiarism (http://mams. rmit. edu. au/1oavdg0bdd1. pdf). What is the penalty for plagiarism? Plagiarism is not permitted in RMIT University.Any use of another person’s work or ideas must be acknowledged. If you fail to do this, you may be charged with academic misconduct and face a penalty under RMIT Regulations 6. 1. 1 – Student Discipline (http://mams. rmit. edu. au/j4lb68xx36oj1. pdf. ) Penalties for plagiarism (RMIT 2003c) include: Orecording of a failure for the assignment or course Ocancellation of any or all results Osuspension from the program Oexpulsion from the program Acknowledgement: The information in this section on Plagiarism has been supplied from the Written reports and essays: guidelines for referencing and presentation (RMIT Business 2003, p. 5).In-text references In the text of your essay or thesis you should identify your source by giving, in parentheses, the author's name and year of publication of the work to which reference has been made. From the textual reference, the reader can turn to the alphabetical list of references for full publication details. Page numbers are essential if directly quoting from a work, use single quotation marks and relevant page number. If a work being referred to is long then page numbers may be useful to the reader. For example: Larsen (1971) was the first to propound the theory. OR The theory was first propounded in 1970 (Larsen 1971).For example: Larsen (1971, p. 245) noted ‘many of the facts in this case are incorrect’. OR ’Many of the facts in this case are incorr ect’ (Larsen 1971, p. 245). For example: Larsen (1971, p. 245) questions certain aspects of this case. OR Many aspects of this case have been questioned (Larsen 1971, p. 245). If citing multiple works at one point in the text it is recommended that the authors’ names be ordered alphabetically inside the parentheses, with a semicolon to separate them. For example: Other studies of globalization focus on its cultural and human implications (Bauman 1998; Tomlinson 1999). Reference ListAt the end of your work you should include a list of ALL the references you have cited in your text. In the Harvard Style sources that are not cited in the text but are relevant to the subject may be listed separately as a bibliography. The same method of presentation is used for both a list of references and a bibliography. The Reference List is arranged alphabetically by author, and thereafter chronologically, starting with the earliest date. For example: Jones, AB 2000, †¦ Jones, B 1 995, †¦ Smith, AK 1990, †¦ Smith, AK 1995, †¦ Stein, B 2003 †¦ Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 1995, †¦ Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, †¦Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, †¦ Yarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman, M & Groenwald, SL 2000, †¦ Young, JC 1988a, †¦ Young, JC 1988b, †¦ The format of the citation depends on the nature of the work, ie. whether it is a book, journal article, website, etc. In general the order of elements contained within each reference should include: author – date – title of work – title of larger work (if any) – publishing details – date of access (if electronic). Apart from the author and date, each element is separated from the others with a comma and the citation finishes with a full stop.Abbreviations Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications include: app. c. ch. ed. (eds. )edn. et al. n. d. n. p. no. p. , pp. para. pt. rev. suppl. vol. vols. |appendixcircachapter editor (Editors)edition and othersno dateno placenumberpage/sparagraphpartrevised supplementvolume (as in Vol. 4) volumes (as in 4 volumes) | Examples Authors Whatever type of work you are referencing, the way you list the authors’ names depends on the number of authors. |In-text citation|Reference list| One author|(Jones 1995) or Jones (1995) states†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦|Jones, B 1995, Sleepers, wake! technology and the future of work, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. | Two or three authorsWhere there is more than one author, the in-text citation in parentheses will use an ampersand (&) to join them, whilst if the reference is part of the sentence you use the word ‘ and . ’|(Stein & Reynolds 2000) or Stein and Reynolds (2000) argue†¦.. |Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings, 9th edn, John Wiley & Sons, New York. | Four or more authorsIf there are four or more authors only include the first author in your in-text citation, adding the words ‘ et al. meaning ‘and others. ’ However the Reference List should include all authors. |(Yarbro et al. 2000) or Yarbro et al. (2000) have found†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦|Yarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman, M & Groenwald, SL 2000, Cancer nursing, 5th edn, Jones and Bartlett, Boston. | Multiple works at one point in the textAuthors’ names should be ordered alphabetically inside the parentheses, with a semicolon to separate them. |(Bauman 1998; Tomlinson 1999)|Bauman, Z 1998, Globalization and culture, Polity Press, Oxford. Tomlinson, J 1999, Globalization: the human consequences, Routledge, London. |Several works by same first author and yearSingle author entries precede references with multiple authors beginning with the same name. A 2-em rule can be used to replace the authors’ name(s) that are repeated. |(Heyland 2001) or Heyland (2001) reports†¦.. (Heyland & Novak 2001) or Heyland and Novak (2001) reports†¦.. |Heyland, DK 2001, ‘In search of the magic nutraceutical: problems with current approaches’, Journal of nutrition, vol. 131, no. 9, p. 2591S. —— & Novak, F 2001, ‘Immunonutrition in the critically ill patient: more harm than good? ’, JPEN: Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, vol. 5, no. 2, p. S51. | Several works by same author and yearIf you are referring to several works by the same author or group of authors from the same year, designate these a, b, c, †¦. with the order of the listing based on the letter-by-letter alphabetical order of the title of the work. |(Porter 2001a) (Porter 2001b) or Porter (2001a) states†¦. or according to Porter (2001b) †¦|Porter, ME 2001a, ‘Japan: what went wrong', Wall Street Journal – Eastern Edition, vol. 237, no. 56, p. A22. —- 2001b, ‘Strategy and the Internet', Harvard Business Review, vol. 79, no. 3, p. 62. No author givenWher e an item has no named author it is cited by its title. |Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) orAccording to the Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) †¦|Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia. | Editor/sUse the abbreviation ed. for editor or eds. for multiple editors. |(eds. Muller, Cloete & Badat 2001)oredited by Muller, Cloete and Badat (2001)|Muller, J, Cloete, N & Badat, S (eds. ) 2001, Challenges of globalisation: South African debates with Manuel Castells, Maskew Miller Longman, Pinelands, Cape Town. Books Book Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year, Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication. Example: Jones, B 1995, Sleepers, wake! : technology and the future of work, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Book chapter Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year, ‘Title of chapter’, [in] Author of book (if different), Title of book, Edition, Pu blisher, Place of publication, Page number(s). Examples: Crawford, RJ 1998, ‘Plastics available to the designer', in Plastics engineering, 3rd edn, Heinemann-Butterworth, Oxford, pp. 6-18. orChristians, CG 2000, ‘Ethics and politics in qualitative research’, in Denzin NK & Lincoln YS Handbook of qualitative research, 2nd edn, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, pp. 133-154. e-book from a database Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between printed sources and those sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing e-books. If an e-book is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. in an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed book.Where alternative formats are available, it is recommended to choose page image format. If an e-book is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain text, or from a website, you shou ld cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc. may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, or if it is from the internet give the URL. Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, database name.Example: Kung, SY, Mak, MW & Lin, SH 2004, Biometric authentication: a machine learning approach, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. , viewed 5 August 2005, Safari Tech Books Online. e-book from the Internet Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between printed sources and those sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing e-books. If an e-book is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. in an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed book.Where alternative formats are available, it is recommended t o choose page image format. If an e-book is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc. may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, or if it is from the internet give the URL. Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of chapter’, [in] Author of book (if different), Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, .Example: Chen, C & Farruggia, S 2002, ‘Culture and adolescent development’, in Lonner, WJ, Dinnel, DL, Hayes, SA & Sattler, DN (eds. ), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 11, Chapter 2, Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington USA, viewed 15 September 2005, . Encyclopaedia or dictionary Encyclopaedias and dictionaries should be cited in the i n-text reference only, NOT in the Reference List. Examples: (Literacy in America: an encyclopedia 2001, p. 25) states†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The Macquarie dictionary (1997) defines it as†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Secondary citationWhile primary sources are essential, sometimes the source you wish to refer to may be unavailable and you must refer to someone else's citation of that source. This is a secondary source and in this case you must include both names in the in-text reference. The Reference List example would include only the source you have seen. In-text citation example: MacDonald (1993, cited in Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003, p. 48) states †¦ or (MacDonald 1993, cited in Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003, p. 48) Reference List example: Saunders, M, Lewis, P & Thornhill, A 2003, Research methods for business students, 3rd edn, Pearson Educational, Essex, p. 8. No date Works that do not have a publication date may be cited using the expression n. d. (no date). In-text citation example: (B rown n. d. ) or Brown (n. d. ) Reference List example: Brown, S n. d. B. B. Bernard, Sunshine Press, London. Journal articles Note: Capitalise the first letter of the first word, and each of the major words of the journal name. Do not use capital letters for words such as on, for, in, and example: The Australian Journal of Language and Literacy Journal article Format: Author(s) of article – surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Journal name, volume number, issue number, page number(s).Example: Zivkovic, B & Fujii, I 2001, ‘An analysis of isothermal phase change of phase change material within rectangular and cylindrical containers', Solar Energy, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 51-61. e-journal article from a database Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between journal articles from printed sources and articles sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing electronic j ournal articles. If a journal article is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. as an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed article.Where alternative formats are available, it is recommended to choose page image format. If a journal article is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, not the URL. Format: Author(s) of article – surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Journal name, volume number, issue number, page number(s), viewed day month year, database name. Example:Easthope, G 2004, ‘Consuming health: the market for complementary and alternative medicine', Australian Journal of Primary Health, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 68-75, viewed 30 March 2005, A ustralian Public Affairs Full Text. In press article Format: Author(s) of article – surname and initials in press, ‘Title of article’, Journal name, viewed day month year, database name (if applicable). Example: Mundermann, A, Wakeling, JM, Nigg, BM, Humble, RN & Stefanyshyn, DJ in press, ‘Foot orthoses affect frequency components of muscle activity in the lower extremity ‘, Gait and posture, viewed 15 September 2005, ScienceDirect.Magazine article – no author Note: if the magazine article does NOT have an author then provide details as an in-text citation only, NOT in the Reference List. For example: Electronics Weekly (11 July 2007, p. 4) states†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Newspaper articles Note: Capitalise the first letter of the first word, and each of the major words of the newspaper name. Note: if the newspaper article does NOT have an author then provide details as an in-text citation only, NOT in the Reference List. For example: The Australian (10 J uly 2002, p. 1) states†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Newspaper article Format:Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Newspaper name, day month, page number(s). Example: Tobler, K & Kerin, J 2002, ‘Hormone alert for cancer’, The Australian, 10 July, p. 1. Newspaper article from a database Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between articles from printed sources and articles sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing electronic newspaper articles. If a newspaper article is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. s an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed article. Where alternative formats are available, it is recommended to choose page image format. If a newspaper article is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, not the URL. Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Newspaper name, day month, page number(s), viewed day month year, name of database.Example: Timmins, N 2005, ‘Delay raises doubt in public sector’, Financial Times, 20 July, viewed 21 July 2005, Factiva. Internet sources Discussion list message Format: Author Year of posting, ‘Title of posting’, description of posting, date and month of posting, name of list owner, viewed day month year, . Example: Shively, E 1997, ‘CA pre-1967 information’, list server, 1 July, Chemical Information Sources Discussion List, viewed 3 July 2003, . Newsgroup message Format: Author Year of posting, ‘Title of posting’, description of posting, date and month of posting, name of newsgroup owner, viewed da y month year, .Example: Milinkovich, M 2005, ‘Oracle PL/SQL in Eclipse’, newsgroup, 12 July, News. Eclipse. Technology, 15 September 2005, , Blogs Format: Author Year of posting, ‘Title of posting’, description of posting, date and month of posting, name of list owner, viewed day month year, . Example: Steffen, A 2005, ‘Bird flu can we out-collaborate a pandemic? ’ blog, 15 August, World Changing: another world is here, viewed 15 September 2005, . Website documents Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.If quoting or paraphrasing from a website, that is NOT a PDF, then use as part of the in-text reference either:  ·a section heading, (eg. Stone 2004, Usage and prognosis section)  ·a paragraph number (eg. Stone 2004, para. 11) Format: Author/editor. Year of document, Title of document, name of the sponsor of the source, date of viewing, . Reference list example: Stone, A 2004, Headaches due to Wind Cold, Al Stone Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines, viewed 10 September 2006, ; http://beyondwellbeing. com/headaches/wind-cold. shtml ;. In-text citation example:It is stated that: â€Å"this formula is about 85% targeting the symptoms of headache and stuffy nose, while only 15% directly addresses the cold or allergies† (Stone 2004, Usage and prognosis section) or It is stated that: â€Å"this formula is about 85% targeting the symptoms of headache and stuffy nose, while only 15% directly addresses the cold or allergies† (Stone 2004, para. 11) Course notes Course notes from RMIT University Library reserve Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of work, course notes from (number), Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, RMIT University Library.Example: Dixon, C 2002, Mechanical design 2: project resource material, course notes fromMIET1068, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 22 July 2005, RMIT University L ibrary. Course notes from RMIT University Library e-reserve Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of work, course notes from (number), Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, RMIT University Library . Example: Holland, J 2004, Lecture notes 3: bulldozers and land clearing, course notes from CIVE1057, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 22 July 2005, RMIT University Library 1];. Course notes from Online @ RMIT Format:Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of work, course notes from (number), Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, [email  protected] Example: Smith, H 2005, Metadata, course notes from ISYS6655, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 8 July 2005, [email  protected] Reports Government publications These may include departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of review and committees of parliament. Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Titl e of report, Report series code and number, Sponsoring body or body issuing report series, Publisher, Place of publication.Examples: Kogan, P, Moses, I & El-Khawas, EH 1994, Staffing higher education : meeting new challenges : report of the IMHE project on policies for academic staffing in higher education, Higher education policy series, no. 27, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London. OR Australia, Parliament 1976, Department of Foreign Affairs annual report 1975, Parl. Paper 142, Canberra. Many government publications are available on the Internet. The following document appeared as a Parliamentary paper, but is also available from the relevant authority's website. The way you access a document may affect your citation. Examples:Australia, Parliament 2003, Fraud control arrangements in the Australian Customs Service, Parl. Paper 32, Canberra. AND Australian National Audit Office 2003, Fraud control arrangements in the Australian Customs Service, viewed August 4 2003, . Parliamentary debates For parliamentary debates and the official records of what has been said in parliament. Example: Australia, Senate 2000, Debates, Vol S25, p. 65. Australian Bureau of Statistics Format: Author’s name, Year of publication, Title of report, cat. no. , Publisher, Place of publication. Example: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005, Australian social trends 2005, cat. o. 4102. 0, ABS, Canberra. OR Format: Author’s name, Year of publication, Title of report, cat. no. , Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, database name. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2004, Mental Health In Australia: A Snapshot, cat. no. 4824. 0. 55. 001, ABS, Canberra, viewed 18 August 2005, AusStats. Legislation and Legal cases Legislation When referring to Commonwealth Acts, Ordinances and Regulations, the title must be reproduced exactly, without changing the capitalisation or spelling. The words Act and Bill are generally written with a capital letter.An Act or Ordinance may be cited by the short title, which is usually drafted into modern legislation. The first reference must always include the short title in italics. Subsequent references may refer to it by an undated, descriptive title in roman type. Legislation is usually numbered as well as dated. The number follows the date. For Australian State legislation, the State must be included in roman type. Acts of Parliaments of the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada and the United States, use roman type. Bills currently before Parliament are presented in roman type, not italics. Examples:Interstate Road Transport Act 1985 (Cwlth) Interstate Road Transport Act Air Navigation Act 1920 (No. 50) (Cwlth) Firearms Act 1936 (NSW) Badgers Act 1974 (UK) Legal cases To fully cite legal authorities list name of case; (date) or volume number, or both; abbreviated name of report series; and beginning page. Example: Greutner v. Everard (1960) 103 CLR 177 Other sources Conference paper Format: Author’s surname , Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of paper’, [in] Editor (if applicable), Title of published proceeding which may include place held and date(s), Publisher, Place of publication, page number(s).Example: Kovacs, GL 1994, ‘Simulation-scheduling system using hybrid software technology’, in Computer Integrated Manufacturing and Automation Technology: Proceedings of the 4th International conference, Troy, New York, October 10-12, 1994, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, California, pp. 351-356. Thesis Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of preparation of thesis, ‘Title of thesis’, Award, Institution under whose auspices the study was taken. Example: Garland, CP 1986, ‘Structure and removal of non-cellulosic components of eucalypt woods’, MApplSci thesis, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology.Patent Format: Name(s) of inventor. Name(s) of assignees, Patent title, Patent number Date of patent (including day and m onth). Example: Wilmott, JM & Znaiden, AP Avon Products Inc. , Cosmetic preparation incorporating stabilized ascorbic acid, U. S. patent 4,983,382 Jan. 8 1991. CD-ROM Format: Author/editor’s name, Initials Year, Title, Edition, CD-ROM, Publisher, Place of publication. Example: Young, B & Heath, J 2000, Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas, 4th edn, CD-ROM, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. Film, video, TV and radio program Format:Title of program Date of recording, format, publisher, place of recording, date viewed. Example: What are we going to do with the money? 1997, television program, SBS Television, Sydney, 8 August. Or Swiss ball: exercises for performance and function 1999, video recording, Galaxy Leisure Corporation, 3 February. Note: the in-text reference would be to the title of the program, also in italics. Personal communication Information gained through personal communication, either – face-to-face interview or conversation, telephone call, facsimile, letter, email, etc. – should be provided as an in-text citation.Details of personal communications do not need to be included in the Reference List. The information, including day, month and year, is provided in the text, or parenthically. Details of the organisation that the person represents may also be included. Note that initials precede the family name. Examples: When interviewed on 24 April 1999, Ms S Savieri confirmed†¦.. Ms S Savieri confirmed this by facsimile on 24 April 1999. It has been confirmed that an outbreak occurred in Shepparton (S Savieri 1999, pers. comm. , 24 April). Ms S Savieri (Australian Institute of Criminology) confirmed this by email on 24 April 1999.It has been confirmed that an outbreak occurred in Shepparton (S Savieri [Australian Institute of Criminology] 1999, pers. comm. , 24 April). Bibliography RMIT Business 2003, Written reports and essays: guidelines for referencing and presentation in RMIT Business, RMIT Universit y, Melbourne. Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia. [-;0] – http://www. rmit. edu. au/browse;ID=obcz6j8do3ll [-;1] – http://auth. lib. rmit. edu. au/cat. php? http://eresources. lib. rmit. edu. au/ereserve/notes02/cive1057/31259006935782. pdf

British Wildlife Essay

Outline of species along with related anatomy, handling considerations and rehabilitation, release requirements Skeletal system Although the deer’s skeletal system is very similar to a dog or cat’s in terms of its basic structure, although there are some adaptations that they require in order to survive the wild. Deer have long necks which enable them to crane it so they can feed off low lying grass and other vegetation. Stefoff, R. (2007) Deer are prey animals and so they require adaptations that enable them to run fast and this is why they are ‘ugulates’, (hoofed mammals). Ungulates walk on their ‘ungulis’ which is a tough outer plate of a hoof or toenail. When ungulates walk, their feet or digits do not come into contact with the ground but their hooves. Stefoff, R. (2007). This clever evolutionary asset is essential for speed. This is down to the biomechanics of how bodies move- the smaller the area that touches the ground with each stride, the greater the stride is which results in faster movement. Stefoff, R. (2007) Hooves are an extremely strong version of human fingernails strong enough not to break when under immense pressure i.e. when the deer is running. Stefoff, R. (2007).The strength of the hooves comes from the keratin which exists in thick sheets and keratin fibres which run in all directions Stefoff, R. (2007) Deer have a total of four toes on each foot. The middle two toes touch the ground and the outer two are elevated at the back, just above the hoof and are called dewclaws Stefoff, R. (2007). Metapodials in deer are elongated and form the lower part of the deer’s legs. In a deer, the femur and the humerus are short and thick in order to be able to anchor the large mass of muscle needed to propel them forward when running at high speed. Stefoff, R. (2007) Scent glands Seven glands are located on the body of a deer, scattered from head to toe to assist with communication amongst the herd and is how deer differentiate between one another (interspecies communication) Nickens, E. (2009). Deer scent is made up of scent glands and their urine. Stefoff, R. (2007) Deer use a technique called ‘flehmen’; this is the act of curling back their upper lip and sucking in air. This is used to detect scents from other deer. Stefoff, R. (2007) Antler growth Antler growth is an interesting area of study which provokes questioning as to why antler growth is delayed until the start of puberty and secondly, mammalian organ regeneration. Antler growth only occurs in male deer and is delayed until the start of puberty at 5 – 7 months old. No other mammal can regenerate an organ. The antlers of a 200-kg adult red deer may weigh as much 30 kg but take only 3 months to grow. Antlers are formed from pedicles; permanent bony horns on the frontal bone of the skull. Periosteal cells (Antlerogenic Periosteum) are collected in the distal parts of the cristae externae of the frontal bones. These are activated by rising androgen levels in the blood. Testosterone binds to specific sites on the AP which leads to trabecular bone being formed beneath the periosteum and a pedicle develops. There are four ossification stages in the formation of antlers in deer starting with ‘Intramembranous ossification’; this is the proliferation of antlerogenic cells and differentiation into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts form trabecular in the cellular periosteum. This then leads to ‘transitional ossification’, this initiates when pedicle reaches 5-10mm in height. Osseocartilaginous tissue is formed by the antlerogenic cells at the apical surface, which have undergone a change in differentiation pathway to form chondrocytes. The third stage is ‘pedicle endochondral ossification’ when chrondrogenesis takes place in the pedicle alone. The final ossification stage is ‘antler endochondral ossification’- antlerogenic cells maintain their chrondrogenic differentiation pathway until the very first antler has fully formed. Shiny velvet skin covering the distal end of the pedicle coincidences with antler formation. Un-branched antlers described as ‘spikers’ elongate as a result of an endochondral process in the distal tip. (Deer antlers: a zoological curiosity or the key to understanding organ regeneration in mammals?) The first antler continues growing until the autumn rutting season where testosterone levels are increased once again. Cessation in longitudinal growth causes this endocrine change. Antler bone becomes fully mineralized and the overlying velvet sheds to reveal bare bone. A single unbranched antler is left attached to the pedicle until it is cast the following spring Deer antlers: a zoological curiosity or the key to understanding organ regeneration in mammals? Handling considerations The safest method of restraining/handling deer is to try to pull head to its flank, cover their head, hold the leg at the front and push the deer down onto the ground. This technique requires mastering so a well-trained person should only be allowed to do this. Deer bones are fragile so need to be cautious. Release requirements When it comes to releasing deer, a few things need to be kept in mind when choosing a location to release them. Deer need as much woodland cover as possible, especially with a male deer as they are very much territorial creatures. It is preferred to release a deer exactly where it was found. If this is not possible i.e. the deer was found in the middle of a road then it must be released no more than 1km from where it was found. Veterinary diagnosis and treatment Outline of condition, clinical signs and recommended treatment Roundworm is a condition commonly seen in deer. These are internal parasites that are found in the intestines and soak up nutrients from the animal’s diet which results in the sufferer becoming malnourished and weak because they are not getting the nutrients they require. The clinical signs of a deer with worms are very hard to detect because they are prey animals and must not show signs of weakness otherwise it would make them a target for predators. Often they won’t show any signs until they are close to death. Should they show signs they would be lethargic, losing weight, scowering (lowering their head) and producing fluid faecal matter. Deer get stressed very easily and it would be unethical to try and capture them for treatment as it would be putting the person capturing the deer at risk as well as the deer as their skeletal systems are very fragile and is liable to shatter. Deer antlers are extremely dangerous because they are strong as well as being full of bacteria; deer use their antlers to fight and they also urinate on their antlers so it could infect a human quite severely. Treatment To treat worms in deer, Ivermectin â€Å"spot on† is used and is placed on the back of the deer’s neck. It is applied at 2 week intervals and, once cleared it can then be applied monthly to prevent it recurring. Nursing requirements What are the nursing needs of this patient and condition etc Deer, ideally should be nursed in a barn or large enclosure and not kept in a veterinary practice. This is purely because they are dangerous animals and are likely to lash out or charge at humans when they feel provoked. Isolating the deer is ideal to prevent the worms passing onto other animals nearby and to avoid having to treat the others. Deer should not be isolated for too long as they can get stressed and this would not be an ethical thing to do. Discussion of legal and ethical considerations What legislation and ethical considerations are relevant Wildlife and countryside act 1981 Wildlife and natural environment (Scotland) Act 2011 References http://www.nyantler-outdoors.com/deer-anatomy.html

Case Study Of John Wayne Gacy English Literature Essay

Case Study Of John Wayne Gacy English Literature Essay John Wayne Gacy, a serial killer who was born in Chicago, Illinois, was the only son in John Samuel Gacy’s family of three children. He grew up in a family where they had an affectionate mother but a cruel father, an alcoholic, who used to discipline Johnny, as his mother called him, using a belt. The father used to be both physically and verbally abusive to the entire family; he would call Gary a â€Å"mama’s boy† and a sissy. Gary faced some extra hard childhood problems, including being molested by a family friend at only nine and being struck by a swing right on his forehead when he was eleven. The result was a head trauma that became root to a blood clot that was first noticed five years later; that is when he started suffering from black outs (Sullivan he attended four different high schools, dropped out of every single one of them and, at the end, never graduated. After a quarrel with his father when he was twenty years old, john decided to move to Las V egas, Nevada, where he got a job as a mortuary attendant for about three months. He then returned to Chicago, where, without having to go back to high school to seek graduation, he registered at the Northwestern Business College and graduated there. After his graduation, he managed to secure a management trainee position at a shoe company and made some major leaps in life after that, including getting promoted as a salesman in Springfield, Illinois, in 1964 and getting married to Marlynn Myers the same year (Kozenczak he constructed a basement at one of the restaurants where he opened a bar. Here, he used to take teenage male employees and forced them to perform oral sex on him. He also claimed to perform scientific research when he paid the teenagers fifty dollars each to have sex with each other; he called them homosexual experiments. Things got a little thick for Gacy in 1968 when two teenage boys claimed having being sexually assaulted by him; he got away with it when there was no evidence found. The same year, a youth confessed against Gacy; he had hired him to molest one of the two boys, trying to intimidate them. This time, he got ten years in jail after getting convicted of sodomy and on the same day, his wife filed for divorce – he never saw his children again and his father died while he was in prison, after which he had a pretty hard time trying to secure a compassionate leave to go and bury his father; he never succeeded. In 1971, Gacy was accused again by a young boy who claimed to have been sexually assaulted by him but the case got dismissed since the young boy never showed up in court. In 1972, another accusation for Gacy came up when he was arrested and accused of battering a young man. The man was claimed to have been battered when Gacy flashed a Sherriff’s badge, impersonating a police officer and luring him into his car. He allegedly forced him to fellate him but the case was dismissed after claims of the man trying to blackm ail Gacy for money were raised. Gacy continued to commit more crimes after 1972 including murdering many people, most of them young boys and men, committing rapes on teenage boys and other major crimes. Between 1972 and 1978, Gacy had raped and killed thirty three teenage boys.

Preparation of Unit Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Preparation of Unit Work - Essay Example During a school inspection, it was found that the teachers tend to rely more on course books and other commercial materials, and take little or no initiative at all to make the course more interesting and appropriate with creativity and zeal. This "coursebook-led" approach makes teaching as well as learning a lack-luster, cumbersome exercise. It has been said that we learn 20% of what we hear, 50% of what we see and 80% of what we do. Therefore, mixing course book with practical work by using creative audio visual methods including discussion in pairs and groups is easily a better option as compared to just course book teaching. Besides language, speaking skills involve voice control, overcoming nervousness, and the art of listening, all of which must be properly taught and ingrained in the students' minds. It is not possible to effectively cover all of these in a rigid follow through of a course book. (How To Write and Speak Better)2. Now this situation leads to a ticklish issue. What is a course book Rather, what is the function of a course book A course book is a resource, a medium. The function of teaching materials including course books is to provide information. It is a resource or a medium to be used for guidance and instruction. When a class is being led by the medium, it is obvious that the medium is assuming the role of a leader. Obviously, a medium cannot, by any stretch of imagination, assume the human role of leadership. Furthermore, it is equally preposterous to think it all right for the teacher to simply go through the daily chore of covering a lesson each day and by the time the entire book is covered, to take it for granted that the students have mastered ESL. This method is not adequate in learning a language where participation and expression are as mandatory as grammar and vocabulary. The Coursebook-based approach The ideal approach to teaching a language is the use of a strong students-teacher bond where the teacher is the best embodiment of a textbook. The teacher must be thoroughly familiar with the study material in order to teach, explain and lead the class with lan. ESL students are greatly starved of English teachers who serve as their role models and living textbooks. These students have the remarkable knack of looking into the textbooks on their own and ratify their teacher's explanations and instructions. What they need is the generous use of question answer sessions, group discussions, and the confidence that they are headed in the right direction. In such an environment, the textbooks and supplements do wonders. The urge to study and learn becomes a passion. To begin with, the student is first given a proper overview of the whole course during the first few sessions. This enables the student to be vigilant, well-prepared and he has a good idea of what to expect. The good leadership provided by the teacher makes learning an edifying and pleasant experience. Communication between the teacher and the student is clear, purposeful and objective. The course book is given its due

Something related to women experiencing psychosomatic issues, must be Essay

Something related to women experiencing psychosomatic issues, must be focued on women - Essay Example First, common psychological disorders are more common among women. Most women suffer from some disorder, like anxiety or depression. Second, women are more likely to experience the trauma caused by past and present abuse. This leads to a greater incidence of somatic symptoms. Third, there is significant difference in the emotional threshold of men and women. Furthermore, childhood socialization has a substantial effect on the attitude adopted, while reporting sensations. There is a well felt need to conduct further research in this area, in order to assess reporting patterns (Barsky, Peekna, & Borus, 2001). As such, the gender differential in reporting symptoms has to be dealt with by exploring its root causes. A causal relationship between gynecological symptoms and psychological disorders in women was perceived to exist by some gynecologists and psychologists. One gynecologist states that many females exhibited gynecological symptoms, in the absence of any gynecological illness. This phenomenon could be described as a psychological disorder masquerading as a gynecological issue (Gath, et al., 1987, p. 213). In a few studies, gynecological patients were evaluated on the basis of their self-assessment. These studies suggested that nearly 50 % of these women were suffering from psychiatric illness. This is a seemingly very high incidence of psychological disorders. However, these studies do not take into consideration, women who attend other types of medical clinics (Gath, et al., 1987, p. 213). Despite this argument, there is considerable evidence that gynecological morbidity is high in women with psychological disorders. In addition, it was observed that women who had undergone gynecological surgery were more frequently diagnosed with hysteria. Moreover, many women with neurotic disorders had complained of irregular menstrual periods.It has frequently been

Social Media Individual Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Social Media Individual Assignment - Essay Example It is away to communicate with people, share feelings, photos, knowledge, politics, hobbies, lifestyles and other interests. Social networking enables individuals to stay connected with each other irrespective of geographical distances, culture, bindings etc. Thus social networking work as an online community. An access to social networking sites enables one to socialize. However, as every technology has pros and cons, social networking also possesses positive and negatives with it. Yes, I do have social networking site. I have an account on Facebook. It allows me to establish new relationships, reunite with friends and other relatives and strengthen relations. My friends with common interests come on the common platform, i.e. Facebook and can share their thoughts and ideas to march ahead. Social networking facilitates free messaging, gaming, invitations, blogging, sharing events, photos, help either related to some personal matter such as health or some meaningful advice. We share our views, frame opinion and concerns. Yes, I would not like to share my personal pictures, videos and important files on social network sites as they may be accessed from any corner of the world and could be used/ misused. Hence, I take care while uploading anything on my social network sites. As social media enables its users to access the information uploaded on the social networking sites from any corner of the world it poses numerous problems. The companies must set policies on regulation of social media use which should be amended from time to time especially in the discussions what to share through social networking sites and where to stop else facility like social media network will do more destruction than good Social networking sites as other computing sites are prone to the attacks of hackers, they may inject malicious codes into most popular social networking sites, either through advertisements or through third-party apps. Numerous

Swot analysis of BP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Swot analysis of BP - Essay Example The company is responsible for converting natural resources into power energy. Now British Petroleum is trying to find fuel resources that reduce carbon footprint and greenhouse gases. The company is trying to accomplish its sustainability mission by finding alternative fuel resources like wind power, solar power, fossil fuels, hydrogen, and natural gas. On the basis of market capitalization British Petroleum is the second largest operating oil and gas company of United State and has number of strengths. First, the strength of the company lies in its successful operations and ability to generate high revenue. Just after a year of the most annihilating oil explosion occurred at British Petroleum’s oil resource in the Gulf of Mexico, the company successfully earned profit of $5.3 billion Stonaker, (2011). This shows the strength of the company because it recovered very soon. It has been argued by many researchers that the oil spill occurred due to mismanagement and poor safety precautions but the quick recovery and ability to bounce back shows how efficient the company is in its operations. Second, important strength of BP is its increasing demand. Bob Dudley in his speech said that the demand of British Petroleum’s products is continuously increasing day by day due to our efficient production and supply, and our search for oil and gas reserves is one of our greatest strength. He further said, 96% of our demand growth comes from developing countries like India and China, this shows we are still market leader in oil and gas industry around the globe. One, criticism on Mr. Dudley’s speech is that he disguised the potential problems that BP is facing in setting up its operations in emerging countries due to their poor law and order situation and terrorism. Petroleum is leading deep-water company because it possesses largest deep-water oil spills and these oil spills

Theoretical Foundation in instructional technology Research Paper

Theoretical Foundation in instructional technology - Research Paper Example This suggests technology materials are of the essence in order to instructional technology method a feasible project. Alternatively, the design and processes should not make it hard for facilitators to dispense knowledge to their students because it leads to wastage of both time and resources. In other words, the technology should have efficiency during use without incurring extra costs during learning. There are different ways in which the quote by James Gee & Elizabeth Hayes applies to the context constructivism learning theory, behaviorism learning theory and inquiry learning theory. Therefore, in constructivism learning theory in adult online learners, they use different methodologies to meet its goals. For example, adult learners are expected to interact more with their environment in order to acquire knowledge on different aspects of online learning. This is because the methodology improves on both critical and analytical skills of the student. In the same aspect, in the constr uctivism learning theory, there is an application of computer games instead of the conventional materials in traditional education (Wagner & Ip, 2008). However, the utilization of such technology requires competent teachers who are can impart knowledge to both adult and young learners. Another fundamental prospect of integrating the theory into online learning is the ability to attain, high realistic enactment, which is made live by computers. On the other hand, there is the John B Watson/ Behaviorism learning theory whereby behavior has an attachment to an external influence such as an environment. This may be through association or some of form of reinforcement. Therefore, in terms of online learning, adult learners may not adjust effectively to computer based education. There are several reasons to explain the scenario in the context of both comprehension and retention. For instance, adult learners were formally used to the traditional mode of education hence the transition to on line learning may prove hard (Chow, et al 2010). They also lack a consistent will to adapt to a new environment that has its influence from an association from other students. This suggests that while adults may have the inner desire to use the online platforms, the conventional background prevents them from faster adaptation. Additionally, adult learners also have special needs and requirements that may prove hard for most incompetent teachers without proper training. It is noteworthy, therefore, to introduce other learning methods in the form of stimulating activities and environments to spur the learners to critical and analytical thinking. These also entail exercises, computer games and simulations in order to trigger the interest of the student in educational matters. Furthermore, through the behaviorism learning theory, teachers will help students in the transfer of knowledge in order to boost retention. Apart from the above theories, there is also the inquiry learning theory founded by Jerome Bruner in 1961. Therefore, here the student uses the available materials to develop analytical and experimental skills instead of the knowledge possessed from school. On that perspective, when learners use online methods they are expected to use their external and internal environments to integrate knowledge. Alternatively, to make such form of knowledge acquisition applicable for students, it is

Excessive Police force In america Research Paper

Excessive Police force In america - Research Paper Example When the officer was being tried for killing, the jury was told to consider the following verdicts: second degree or involuntary manslaughter. The juror decided to charge him with involuntary manslaughter even after substantial evidence was provided. This kind of judgments also contributes a lot to police officers become brutal to their citizens. Even after congress had passed Violent Control and Law Enforcement Act, they have neglected their responsibility to continuously provide the necessary funds for its enactment. There is no need for the police to keep and criminal records since the legislations can handle this matter. It is quite unfortunate that the legislation department does not hold police officers responsible for their criminal acts and the violation of human rights. When police officers murder innocent citizens in America, they are most of the time charged with involuntary manslaughter. The definition of this term in legal terms is the unlawful killing of person that was done unintentionally (Alexander, 2005). May states in the world do not even have the proper definition of this term, thus many people go unpunished for the criminal act they have committed. Many people who are brutally murdered by the police officers rarely get justice. Even after a police officer is found guilty, his sentence is reduced. Some p olice officers are even released on parole when current fracas reduces and people have forgotten about the incident. When the court does not hold police officers accountable of his actions after committing a crime, citizens start demonstrating. The same police officers mishandle the citizens by arresting them in large numbers even if they are holding peaceful demonstrations. The citizens are disconnected to the police officers because of being handled heavily and brutally (Alexander, 2005). Families that are not served with justice after one of them is murdered are

Explication of a poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Explication of a poem - Essay Example He attempts to be cool and at the same time acts like the reader knows The Weary Blues. The speaker himself has memorized the lyrics of the song. The poem contains numerous literary devices, which are used in explaining the tone and theme of the poem. There is also catchy use of symbols in the poem, including long O sounds and hard C and T sounds. However, the poem is simplistic in terms of its words and no phrases were confusing. The use of the word Negro is one controversial aspect in the lyrics. The unusual aspect of the poem, one that is appreciated is that Hughes combines both poetry and music. In fact one is not likely to read three lines of the poem with coming across something related to music. In addition, Hughes utilizes words such as â€Å"rocking†, â€Å"drowsy†, â€Å"pale dull pallor† and â€Å"rickety stool† to suggest a melancholy feeling. Hughes also utilizes colloquial language to woo his audience. The speaker skillfully illustrates elements of jazz and blues throughout the poem. Once one familiarizes himself with the characters and the atmosphere in the poem, he/she is likely to get into it straight away. The poem is more of sharing an experience of jazz and blues rather than a complicated

Understanding the Principles and Practises of Assessment Essay Example for Free

Understanding the Principles and Practises of Assessment Essay Assessment is the process of measuring the achievement of learners. It is an obvious way of checking that learning has taken place and is a good way of measuring the learner’s knowledge and practical skills that they have learnt. It is important for the assessor to initially establish whether the learner has any specific learning needs so that they can prepare to support the learner in whichever way they feel necessary. Learning and development are closely connected. The learner needs guidance in order to understand what it is they are required to learn, also to check that they are on track and also ways in which they can improve. This is generally where formative assessment comes into play. Formative assessment is used whilst learners are developing their skills and can also be useful throughout their course. It gives the assessor the opportunity to provide the learner with constructive feedback which they can use to improve their future performances. It also allows the learner to build on their strengths and learn from mistakes by listening to the assessor’s feedback, preparing them for summative assessment. Summative assessment is used when the students are up to a standard where they can carry out an assessment without any support or guidance. This should be up to industry standards and completed to commercial timing. By this stage there should be very few, if any areas for improvement and the learner must have a very strong underpinning knowledge of the subject. (AC 1.2) Define the key concepts and principles of assessment It is vital that assessment has to be fair, consistent and valid to ensure all learners have an equal chance of receiving a fair assessment. An assessor should not be swayed to give a learner an easier assessment because they favour them or on grounds of gender, race, sexual orientation or religious beliefs; the assessment process should be the same for every learner and purely judged on their knowledge, skill and competence within their subject area. There may be occasions where the assessment process has to be adapted to suit learners’ individual needs; however this still should eventually lead to the same outcome. In order for an assessment to be fair the assessor should clearly identify to the learner what outcomes are being assessed so that there is no area for confusion between the learner and assessor. Assessors should take guidance from the awarding body that they work alongside for the assessment criteria, for example in my area of work; I have to abide by the criteri a that is set out by VTCT. To ensure that the evidence is sufficient the learner should successfully cover all of the criteria set out by the awarding body and by the industry in which they are working. The most reliable way to ensure that an assessment is valid and reliable is for the assessor to observe a student first hand. This is the clearest way for the assessor to be sure that the student possesses the knowledge that is shown in their work and that it has not been copied from another source. This evidence should also be current, so therefore the assessor would need to have witnessed this within a reasonable timeframe as things change so frequently. It is important for assessors to ensure that they are up to date with current trends and changes within their industry and all assessors are required to keep up to date with continual professional development. It is also vital that all assessors are assessing to the same standard, this is usually monitored and updated during team standardisation meetings whic h should be carried out regularly. (AC 1.3) Explain the responsibilities of the assessor An assessor should firstly fully understand the standards and requirements they are working to. This means that all assessors should be fully qualified to the required standard within their industry and should regularly attend team standardisation meetings to ensure they are assessing to the same standards as other assessors.

The Efficacy of Anacardic Acid from Anacarduim Occidentale Essay Example for Free

The Efficacy of Anacardic Acid from Anacarduim Occidentale Essay Lipids are one of the molecules used by fishes for their physiological functions and cellular processes. These lipids have many uses in the lives of fishes, not only in fishes but also in other activities of other organisms. Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia) is one of the most common fish that contains lipids in their muscle or tissues. Anacadium ocindentale (cashew) is a nut crop with fruits that contain a liquid known as cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). This three liquid has three phenol constituents, one of this is anacardic acid. In this study, the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) was extracted from Anacardium occidentale and anacardic acid and then separated from the CNSL by the process of centrifugation and then mixed with the food of the fish and then fed to the fishes. The purpose of this study is to make a useful lipid source from anacardium occidentale. This study will test the efficacy of anacardic acid as a lipid source of Oreochromis niloticus, and observed if the growth development and weight increased. After observing the fishes for 1 month to 2 weeks, results and data were analyzed. The researcher used T-test as their statistical tool, and concluded that the growth and weight of the Oreochromis niloqticus increased by 50.36% in weight gain and 50.98% in the increase in size when given anacardic acid.

Radioactive Isotopes Essay

Radioactive Isotopes Essay Pranav Nagrecha Introduction: Radioactive isotopes are kind of isotopes, which have an unstable nuclide and react in assorted ways, they are derived from isotopes that also hold an unstable nucleus but they do not react as radioisotopes do[i]. These factors are categorized by the extra energy which is present in them and which would be used to react and produce some other particle. The reaction, which would result in various emissions of Gama, rays, alpha particles, beta particles. The reaction, which causes these emissions, is called radioactive decay (Radioactivity). The discharge of the radioactive decay is harmful in various ways, only due to the progress in technology now these disadvantages have been converted to advantages and now radioisotopes are used in several facial expressions, which also let in various medical aspects, which would be compensated in the report. The concept of Radioactivity was found by a French physicist, Antoine Henri Becquerel. As most of the discoveries, this also was by a very honest observation and accidental. During the research of phosphorescent materials (The elements which glow in black). Studying Uranium for his research, he kept the uranium on the photographic film, it was a routine for him to hold it under the sunlight for some days and then examine it later. On a cloudy day, he kept the film and the uranium inside. Later on some days he took an observation when he watched the video, the image of the uranium appeared in the film, from his experience, he concluded that it was not because of the sun and it was some reaction which had taken place and lead to this. [ii] After some rigorous testing, he came to know about radiation, which had this reaction. In 1903, he was awarded with a Noble prize for his discovery; Uranium is still the most radioactive element present. As all the reactive isotopes have some spirit, i.e. the time until they crumble, this phenomena is called as ‘Half-Life’. Half-life marks the time in which isotope mass reduces by half. For example, an isotope has a mass of 10 Grams and its half-life is 5 years, Five years later mass of the isotope would be 5 Grams, in the next five years, its mass would be 2.5 Grams and this procedure will decrease exponentially until the mass is Zero. [iii] As isotopes are available in nature, they are sorted into three main categories ‘primordial’ is the former type. Being naturally radioactive the people who exist on this planet release artificial radionuclides. However, the land was formed about 5 billion years ago with various unstable nuclides reacting with each other. The majority of the elements have decayed and formed into various stable elements, there are some who possess a long half-life and yet survive in nature; these isotopes are addressed as â€Å"Primordia l Isotopes†[iv]. The second type of isotopes is called â€Å"Radiogenic Isotopes.† These kinds of isotopes are derived from the format character. The Primordial Isotopes always decay and form radiogenic isotopes. Compared to the format they have a shorter half-life[v] . They hold a parent-daughter pair with the former type; their usage will always depend on the half-life of their parent isotope. The third â€Å"cosmogenic isotopes,† these kinds of isotopes is continuously created in the air. These are organized because of the cosmic rays and various human experiments, which include various reactions of radioactive isotopes; In addition, the nuclear explosions also lead to the formation of cosmogenic isotopes.[vi] Radioactive isotopes have various uses for example it is directly given to clean the lab equipment in which the radioactivity would sterilize the equipment and make it useful for the further experiments, compared to other cleaning methods this method is one of the most clever manner. Radiolabelling is a concept in which the original chemical compound is being altered by using scientific techniques, there are some changed made in the atom, as one or two atoms are put back by radioisotopes. The further study is done until the reactant transformes into a product. The tracers used in various plants and animals help us in studying the organs, cell, and various other aspects of the body. Example if we take a molecule of water and we want to modify it further, we modify one of the hydrogen atoms with a hydrogen-3 atom. This molecule will be a perfect replacement for the original hydrogen atom. Therefore, if we want to trace the atom it is possible, because Tritium atom (Hydrogen-3) is trace able using various radiation detection equipment’s. [vii] As explained above the study of cells become easy using this. Supposedly a scientist has to study the plant and find out how much a particular vitamin is used, he would particularly just modify that vitamin and then feed the plant with it, when the plant uses it up it simply could be discovered by a scanner. This will enable us to know where is a particular vitamin is used; the same can be done on animals. This technique helps in improving and discovering new medications. Carbon Dating is another concept, which is related to the radioactivity of carbon. This concept has helped us to solving the question when did the organism died. The amount of carbon-14 determined can tell us how old the organism is. It works in the following way, when a particular organism dies; there is a specific mass of Carbon 14 to Carbon 12, which is present in some ratio. Comparing both carbons 12 is more stable. Then, when we see an organism we would regulate the amount of carbon 14, because it must have disintegrated at a considerable pace, which is quite preditable. Using the concept of Half Life in this carbons half like is around 5700 Years, which will allow it to stay with the body for 5700 years. [viii] Smoke detectors are very useful and have become mandatory for everyone, have we ever wondered how do they work? Yes, it is because of the Radioisotopes, which make it possible. There is a negligible amount of americium-241, which makes it possible. Americium is an artificially created element. This element always emits a low amount of alpha and beta rays. These are mixed with some oxygen and are given a small amount of charge. The smoke detectors and two electrons in them, thus the voltage applied keeps the electron flow stable and continues. During the time of smoke, when it enters in the chamber the smoke particles are drawn towards the charged ions, this disturbs the current stream in between the two electrodes and therefore activates the alert. Using these substances for makes the detection of smoke faster compared to the older methods. The half-life of the isotope also makes it available for a long time and not is spoilt. [ix] Various radioactive isotopes are also used for security purposes, like detection of various explosives. The compound is as Californium-252 and Cobalt-60 are used for the detection for the explosives. They sense the nitrogen chemical compounds, which are found in major explosives and thus trigger the alarm. They also sense the gama radiations, wich enhance their capabilities.[x] Radioactive metals decay at a considerable rate, while this procedure they produce radiation, which consists energy that can break electrons, which would produce two different charged ions. The radiation also would cause damage to various human tissues. Some radiations are so harmful that they do not yet even possess a remedy. Various health starting from nausea to death are caused by exposure to radiation. They deviate from the quantity of radiation exposed to a special individual. [xi] Conclusion: Radioactive Isotopes have been useful for us in several ways, but this all has been to the jeopardy of our lives. For example: The isotopes of lead are very radioactive and have a direct effect on the brain and nervous system. Radioactive isotopes are the ones, which have yielded a wage hike to various bad and incurable diseases, but then also assisted us to heal them at the same time. The merits and demerits of this factor cannot be likened. [i] R.H. Petrucci, W.S. Harwood and F.G. Herring, General Chemistry (8th ed., Prentice-Hall 2002) [ii] Laboratory Safety and Management: An Introduction to Radioisotopes and Radioactivity. Laboratory Safety and Management: An Introduction to Radioisotopes and Radioactivity. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. http://laboratorysafetyandmanagement.blogspot.com/2011/12/introduction-to-radioisotopes-and.html>. [iii] Radioactive Half-Life. Radioactive Half-Life. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/halfli.html>. [iv] A. Martin, S. Mead and B.O. Wade. Nuclear Science and Technology. Materials Containing Natural Radionuclides in Enhanced Concentrations (1997): n. pag. Web. 16 Nov. 2014. [v] Gargaud, Muriel, and R. Amils. Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. New York: Springer, 2011. Print. [vi] Beer, JuÃÅ'ˆrg, Ken McCracken, and Rudolf Von Steiger. Cosmogenic Radionuclides as Environmental Tracers. Heidelberg: Springer, 2012. Print. [vii] Science Clarified. Radioactive Tracers. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2014. http://www.scienceclarified.com/Qu-Ro/Radioactive-Tracers.html> [viii] Archaeological Dating. Archaeological Dating. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2014. http://people.chem.duke.edu/~jds/cruise_chem/nuclear/dating.html> [ix] Smoke Detectors and Americium. Smoke Detectors and Americium. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Non-Power-Nuclear-Applications/Radioisotopes/Smoke-Detectors-and-Americium/>. [x] Security Imaging / Security Inspection. Security Imaging Sources, Security Inspection Sources. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. http://www.qsa-global.com/sources/applications/security-imaging-inspection.aspx>. [xi] Health Effects. EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/health_effects.html>.

Essay --

Jack Breheny February 14, 2014 Research Paper Dred Scott was one of many famous African Americans who, along with others, helped abolish slavery in the United States of America. He did this questioning by how he could be kept as a slave and treated like a slave when he lived in slave free territory. Just his little bit of questioning added up to the big amount of things that helped to abolish slavery. Dred Scott was born into slavery sometime in 1803 in South Hampton County, Virginia, but his hometown was St. Louis, Missouri. His birth name was Sam Scott, but he adopted his older brother’s name, Dred, when he died at a very young age. Dred’s parents were slaves. He and his family belonged to Peter Blow and his family. Dred started his first job, to take care of the Blow children who weren’t much younger than him, when he was four. In addition to Dred being a slave, he was employed as a farmhand, stevedore, craftsman, and general handyman. Dred moved around a lot from Alabama, Illinois, and eventually relocated to St. Louis, Missouri. When Dred was 15 in 1818, his family moved to Alabama with the Blows. His owner, Peter Blow, had six children so Dred’s job was to keep track of the children. Dred never learned to read or write so if there were any type of signs on the way to Alabama or anywhere they most likely made no sense to him at all. Sometime in 1820, Dred’s future wife, Harriett Robinson, was born into slavery. Ten years later, in around 1830, Dred moved with the Blows to St. Louis, Missouri and worked at the Jefferson hotel. His owner, Peter Blow, had no luck finding any riches or success in farming so he decided to use what money he had left to buy the Jefferson Hotel, in St. Louis, which was the slave ... ...to transfer ownership of the Scotts to Taylor Blow, Peter Blow’s son and childhood friend of Dred. On May 26, 1857 Dred and Harriet were given their freedom by Taylor Blow. After Dred and his family were freed, they were interviewed and pictures of them were published in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper on June 27, 1840. As a free family Dred Scott worked at Barnum’s Hotel in St. Louis as a porter. Dred also delivered laundry that Harriet took in working as a free laundress for the people that they lived around. On September 17, 1858 Dred Scott died of tuberculosis. He only lived as a free man for one and a half years. He is buried in St. Louis in the Blow family plot in Calvary Cemetery. Harriet lived on and is believed to have died in 1870. Dred Scott like many other African Americans helped abolish slavery forever in the United States of America.

Claire Morgan :: English Literature

‘The Signalman’ and ‘The Black Cat’ Mystery Stories. In my opinion the most important thing to make a good mystery story is suspense. The writer should have the reader wanting to read on and asking questions right from the start. The description of the setting and characters are vital to the mystery. It gives the reader the emotions to really understand the atmosphere of the story. I don’t think the atmosphere needs to be really obscured but some bizarre features are needed to get an eerie and suspicious feeling. A twist in the end throws the reader’s prediction off course, and brings the mystery together. The clues should be laid out subtlety in the story so at the end the reader can see what they missed as they were reading. If questions are left unanswered at the end of the story it keeps the readers thinking so they can imagine what happens. A death makes the story more tragic and far fetched yet realistic making the person wearier of what is going on. Being written in the first person makes the story feel more personal and emotional so the reader feels like they are actually in the story. Dialogue also adds to this affect. Having the words of a person gives you a better idea of their personality. I have recently studied ‘The Signalman’ written by Charles Dickens and ‘The Black Cat’ by William Wintel. They were both written in the 19th century. ‘The Signalman’ is a mystery story about a man getting involved with a signalman. As he first calls down to the signalman, he becomes part of the nightmare. The writer plays the part of the detective as the story is written in the first person. He starts off as just a passer by, but notices the strange, lonely man. He decides to go down and speak with the signalman when he realises he will be here again. He soon becomes very involved with the problems of the signalman. After the man told the narrator about his sightings the narrator tries to find explanations of the delusions. However the next evening he returns to find out that he was wrong. At first, he thinks he is seeing the exact same ghost that the signalman claimed to have seen, but he soon realised that this was not. When he reached the bottom of the cutting he was confronted by the dead body of the signalman. As he watched while the evidence of the accident was gathered the words of the driver echoed through his head. He had heard these words before. The signalman had told him them the previous

Macbeth: Destiny of Each Character is Pre-determined :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth: Destiny of Each Character is Pre-determined In the play Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, each characters destiny seems to be predetermined. This raises the ultimate question: who, or what, controls fate? Existentialism is the belief that each person defines their future by their decided actions: that the future has not yet been written. Fatalism is the belief that the outcome of all events is preordained, and therefore, unalterable. Throughout Macbeth, the character Macbeth makes many decisions which clearly affect his future, but are they truly decisions? Or, are his decisions examples of fatalism, where another force is guiding his actions to their predetermined conclusion? Many of the characters, events, and much of the imagery in Macbeth indicates that fate plays a prominant role in advancing the plot. The characters most easily identified with having supernatural powers are, obviously, the three witches. The Witches' ability to see into the future is demonstrated when Macbeth becomes thane of Cawdor. The line, "What? Can the devil speak true?" showes Banquo's surprise at the realization of the prophecy. But, would the Witches' prophecy of Macbeth's royal promotion have come true had they not made Macbeth aware of the possibility? There was no reason to warn Macbeth of the fate in store for him, since it is most likely impossible for a person to alter their destiny. It is quite possible that the witches have no real power at all, beyond that of suggestion. They may have only planted the idea within Macbeth, feeding off his already present ambition. Perhaps the only true controlling power comes from Lady Macbeth's uncontrollable greed. Once Lady Macbeth had learned of the witches' prophecy, she immediately concluded that Macbeth would not, with his present persona, be able to attain that which fate had bestowed upon him. "...Hie thee hither, That I may pour my spirits in thine ear And chastise with valor of my tongue All that impedes thee from the golden round Which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem To have thee crowned withal." Lady Macbeth believed that it was her duty to induce Macbeth to carry out the necessary deed (Duncan's murder) to fulfil the prophecy. However, if Lady Macbeth had not influenced him, it is doubtful that Macbeth would have taken any action towards his Royal future. This substantiates the idea that the strength of the witches' words lies in the power of suggestion. Although Lady Macbeth stated her belief in Fate, she felt compelled to help it along. During the banquet, Macbeth realized that the path of his life was coming to a "fork in the road", and

Sustainable Environment

Environmental sustainability involves making decisions and taking action that are in the interests of protecting the natural world, with particular emphasis on preserving the capability of the environment to support human life. It is an important topic at the present time, as people are realising the full impact that businesses and individuals can have on the environment. What is Environmental Sustainability? Environmental sustainability is about making responsible decisions that will reduce your business' negative impact on the environment.It is not simply about reducing the amount of waste you produce or using less energy, but is concerned with developing processes that will lead to businesses becoming completely sustainable in the future. Currently, environmental sustainability is a topical issue that receives plenty of attention from the media and from different governmental departments. This is a result of the amount of research going into assessing the impact that human activit y can have on the environment.Although the long term implications of this erious issue are not yet fully understood, it is generally agreed that the risk is high enough to merit an immediate response. Businesses are expected to lead in the area of environmental sustainability as they are considered to be the biggest contributors and are also in a position where they can make a significant difference. Businesses can potentially cause damage to all areas of the environment.Some of the common environmental concerns include: damaging rainforests and woodlands through logging and agricultural clearing polluting and over-fishing of oceans, rivers and akes polluting the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels damaging prime agricultural and cultivated land through the use of unsustainable farming practices For much of the past, most businesses have acted with little regard or concern for the negative impact they have on the environment.Many large and small organisations are guilty o f significantly polluting the environment and engaging in practices that are simply not sustainable. However, there are now an increasing number of businesses that are committed to reducing their damaging impact and even working owards having a positive influence on environmental sustainability. Environmental sustainability forces businesses to look beyond making short term gains and look at the long term impact they are having on the natural world.You need to consider not only the immediate impact your actions have on the environment, but the long term implications as well. For example, when manufacturing a product, you need to look at the environmental impact of the products entire lifecycle, from development to disposal before finalising your designs.

Freud and the Unconscious Essay

fewer theories hold more intrigue than that of tender psychology. Throughout history, many have seek to decode the structure of the take care. Amongst those who were determined to check up on the nature of psychic material, one of the closely prominent remains Sigmund Freud ( as well as known as the archaeologist of the mind). Freud had in truth marked checks on the innate components of sympathetic psychology, at bottom which one idea remained central the un cognizant(p) mind mind he uses this design to f be sense of phenomenons such(prenominal) as that of parapraxes.In his es word, The Unconscious, Freud introduces a unique recognition of human fancy, natural action, interaction and experience. He elaborate a present of dualism that exists in our psychic life in stating, consciousness includes and a teensy-weensy content, so that the great part of what we call conscious association must in any lesson be for very considerable periods of magazine in a state of latency, that is to say, of creation mentally unconscious(p) (2). He argues that although we be blind to our unconscious mind, it determines a great part of our behavioural being and participates expert as much as psychical activity as our conscious mind.Freud overly adds, In alwaysy instance where repression has succeeded in inhibiting the development of affects, we term those affects unconscious (7). He states that the unconscious is where repressed longings be stored, ideas that atomic number 18 suppressed from surfacing into the realm of our sense e. g. we recognise our emotions we feel because they have travel from amongst the elements of the unconscious mind to the conscious mind. The caprice of what you see is not all in that location is, of the uncertainty of appearance or self-knowledge is a message that identifies very well with Freuds theory of the unconscious.Freuds arguments entail that a authoritative veracity (and most significantly he would most likely say) exists in that which is intangible. He claimed that the unconscious could not be realized by the individual themselves finished introspection, exactly is potentially do realistic during psychoanalysis. In The Unconscious, Freud states, it transforms into a qualitatively different quota of affect, above all into misgiving or it is suppressed (7), alluding that the unconscious mind, or rather a conflict among conscious and the unconscious intentions is the root of mental case or histrionic behaviour.Thus, not alone did he perceive psychoanalysis as a useful tool for uprooting unconscious ideas, tho the very beneathstanding of the concept played a central fiber to the successful treatment of his patients (that is to say, that Freud believed that he could submit his patient to recovery by reservation aware the unconscious idea that is unconnected with the individuals consciousness).Freud believed that naturalized phenomenons such as innocent mistakes (parapraxes ) or the state of dreaming were in fact pregnant and were indications of the active unconscious, an idea which echoes to the notion of conscious and unconscious communications which we discussed in the bite week of class that in some(prenominal) forms there were logical relations. This is the nitty-gritty of Freuds belief that there is psychical process in every grounds or act (whether in a state of wakefulness or sound asleep(predicate)/acts that are intended of unintended), which is to say that order exists in every action including the seemingly disconnected.With reference to this notion, he famously claimed that parapraxes (slip of the tongue, mishearing, forgetting, memory loss) were significant phenomenons good of interpretation, because they were evidence that the unconscious mind exists. In Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Freud explains his view in which the unconscious plays a significant role in the phenomenon of parapraxes. Though parapraxes are ofttimes disregarded as small failures of functioning, imperfections in mental activity (28), he explains, They are not chance events but serious mental acts they have a sense (44).Before moving on interpret what Freud meant by this, it seems useful to first off introduce an idea which Louis Althusser presents in Lacan and Freud (which was also touched upon in class), in which he states the effects, prolonged in the living(a) adult, of the extraordinary adventure that, from birth to the settlement of the Oedipus complex, transforms a small animal engendered by a man and a cleaning lady into a little human tike (22).The transformation that Althusser describes resonates with a sense of humanization whereby a feral being is meek by society and progresses into a human existence it alludes to the ultimate sacrifice that is made by the primitive soul in order to survive amongst civilization the desire for instinctual satisfaction. Keeping Althussers portrayal in mind, perhaps it could be sai d, then, that the unconscious manifests impulses whose intentions are deemed too troubling or unfitting with civil behaviour.This conforms to Freuds argument that a spontaneous or unexplainable misapprehension is an indication of a compromise among two conflicting aims of the disturbed and the disturbing consciousness (44). By means of twist or substitution, the irrational impulse disguises its intentions under an appearance of rationality. He communicates, essentially, that parapraxes should be interpreted less as faulty acts, but instead, should be considered as faulty achievements of our unconscious desires.He indicates this when he states, the disturbing think only distorts the original one without itself achieving come expression (35). Freud theorizes that an inaccessible part of our mind the unconscious does exist and evidence of its reality is apparent, such as in the very happening of everyday pathologies, or parapraxes. He maintains the significance of the unconsci ous mind as a meaningful, valid psychical rend that pursues its own intentions (its presence undeniable in its ability to elicit bodily responses).In the discovery of this, Freud stresses the idea that individuals should place more value in what we so often dismiss as mistakes, accidental or random behaviour, because there may be significant meaning to the obscured intentions they convey. On a different note, the underlying notion that there is no such thing as involuntary acts or ideas, reinforces more than ever a disparate sociological thought that we, as individuals, are truly and only if responsible for our own actions.

The People

Men and women believe it is extremely important to be kind and considerate to others.Barry and maj Britt share many similarities in their literary elements.Literary elements are symbols and allusions. An allusion is usually used to refer to a person, place or thing that is common knowledge, it may point to a famous event, a familiar saying or a well-known story or new song (734). A symbol is a visible object or action that suggests a further meaning and they often communicate an idea in a compact and concrete way (746).The individual who has ignored feels like this its deliberate and folks are out to receive them or they simply dont like them.Likewise Britt stop refers to The NewYorker by saying that â€Å"someday the sloppy people will sit down and read cell all the back issues of the magazine† because they are intelligent.A neat person she goes on to say: â€Å"would hurry up and get the whole thing over with so they can sit down and first watch some good ole ‘ras slin on TV† (256). Which, is something an unintelligent person would be found watching. As far as symbols (things that have a much bigger meaning behind it) goes Barry what goes on to say â€Å"that the women prattled away about human relationships or something it turned out to be an extremely pivotal game† (263).

Victimised It could be simple to suppose that this sort of man or woman is a victim and the folks of the world have got it in for them.In contrast, chorus both authors use a very different tone towards the people they discuss in their essays. Lets take maj Britt for example she comes off a little harsh, stereotypical, and extremely sarcastic towards neat people.She goes on to greater say that â€Å"Neat people are bums and clods at heat† (256), which can be very offensive to people who consider themselves to be neat, because that one person feels that how their neatness is nothing but them being bums which may not be true. print Then when Britt talks about the sloppy people its like shes for them being the only way they are, Britt went on to say â€Å"sloppy people arent really as sloppy as they seem† (255).Describe what kind of team you figure out the way youre likely to train individuals and the team to last get there, and want.Britt states that â€Å"the disti nction is, as always, moral. Neat people are lazier and meaner than sloppy people†(255). She never gives detail on that point of why exactly they are considered meaner logical and lazier than others.Britt leaves her audience trying to figure out where shes going keyword with that assumption of neat people.

We The People Hemp is quite effective, and it is valuable.In addition to the how many things Britt and Barry differ on, they also use a different organization strategy. Britt uses whole subject by subject organization. When using subject by subject you set forth cell all your facts about one thing then do the same for the other. Then you some up the similarities and differences between the two (248).So that the thing about We The People Hemp is that is pure and safe.Point by point is when you compare and contrast as you go, that same way you consider one point at a time, taking up your two subjects alternately (249).Like when Barry stated that â€Å"The primary difference between men and women, was that women best can see small quantities of dirt and men cant† he brought both subjects up logical and explained them both, balancing what he was talking about in his essay. In short, it can be concluded that in Suzanne Britts â€Å"Neat people Vs. Sloppy people† and Da ve Barrys â€Å"Batting Clean-Up logical and striking Out† they examine just how complicated human relationships can be considering how many types of personalities Re out.

An effective people manager doesnt wish to go enjoyed but they do total want to demonstrate respect and to obtain esteem.Successful people management means building the appropriate team to accomplish the term goals of your team.Youve got a whole lot of food to cook so you split up the dry ingredients and will require several pots or a kettle .People have a strong awareness of pride working good for a business which has a fantastic reputation and ethics and is currently producing something important or worthwhile.

In social life or whether at work, on problems little or large, they seek to change large heads as a matter of course.Logically it s quite clear and makes sense that walls arent any good.Its crucial to work and live a life.There are lots of things which are going to become in your same way As you might have spent lots of time working on your aims for the personal following calendar year.

Human Service Agencies Essay

gay attend to agencies ar make by and for the public. As communities mother and change, the contract to reply to the demands of these combat-ready societies excessively increases. non b arly does the ordination reside itself unaffixed to prescribed opportunities, it is excessively capable to the veto drawbacks of this dynamism. In fact, at that place atomic number 18 so umpteen societal issues that individuals medepose cannot resolve. These argon matters concerning the auberge that subscribe to fit and purloin concern a same(p) from the alliance.These agencies do take to heart as intermediaries among solutions to problems and individuals, families, and societies. thither ar many issues that individuals, families and societies pretend that demand common action. I deal that these authorized issues accept the approximately rearing problems kindred a shot encountered by people. sluice the honestst problems like small-scale alcoholism, medi cate dependence, determined gambling, widespread crimes these ar hearty issues that ask conterminous attention. Issues showtime in individuals or at bottom families alike coerce consideration. just round of these atomic number 18 problems of infant and women abuse, force out at heart and outback(a) families, trying and firm illnesses, including communicable ones, disgusting randy disturbances experient by people, and the like. I think, these simple matters moldiness be acted upon this instant by armed do organizations like tender-hearted improvement agencies. This is to intercede and determine veracious assistance to individuals and families, at that placeby insure their safety, peacefulness, wellness and wellness, and the decrees as well.I excessively believe that there ar no least(prenominal) strategic issues, as eagle-eyed as individuals or families, or particles of the society are involved, they are considered issues that moldiness(prenomi nal) be headstrong immediately. I arrived at this rack because I myself am a member of this society. like a shot or indirectly, I cuss and I may rely in the incoming in these gay service agencies for betterment, improvement, rampart and the like. And I must not be touch only when more or less myself but as well about the social welfare of the integral society.

Natural environment Essay

straight-from-the-shoulder Lloyd Wrights F completelying pee introduces an congenital calculate the interior designer interconnected in the lieu of perfect fashion designerure by smash the sleep betwixt applied science and the surround. He utilise build materials in the likes of cover and steel, coetaneous resources which appe atomic number 18d quite a mawkish to the total earth or charwoman (Hoffman 18 Levine 217). technical progression unremarkably denotes an unwelcoming and homely facet of parliamentary procedure, not erect in the environsal rural area merely in the friendly scenery as salubrious.At the uni determine clip as the country progresses towards the twentieth century, the relationship between applied science and the environs grew all the more pivotal as distant as the designs Wright conceives. He adjudge that the scientific advancements shit an alert member of the ships company into which manhood is born. As an architect, he speaked it his bearing to let on the uncouth intellect where applied science and the environment cost in concurrence with mavin early(a)(a) (Hoffman 18 Levine 217). The striking profile and coordinates he conceptualized, oddly in his well-nigh new-fashioned working became possible with the embolden of expert advances.Nonetheless, it took a valet de chambre cypher for shade (Hoffman 18 Levine 217). However, others desire that the build materials he incarnate were farther from what were mostly regarded as thoroughgoing elements put in in spirit. In what agency washbowl the projected concrete, a showcase of the social system enunciate with the environment? In receipt to that query, the architect requests his audiences to consider personality as an abduct form (Hoffman 21 Levine 217). Wright suggests that his audiences treat temper as an nescient run or so of the material.The consequence an person identifies the central region of maso nry, brick, and wood, their disposition was recognizable both date they are universe utilise allowing them to procedure in the go up contemporaneous ordering (Hoffman 21 Levine 217). Undeniably, his whole kit and boodle has forever alter the landscape painting of the country, and sympathetic to several(prenominal) build environments, his discolouration of computer architecture mirror the socio-cultural aspects of the generation descent in the grade 1890 until 1960 (Hoffman 21 Levine 217). Analyzing his designs would charge erect pregnant insights concerning the concepts of perfect architecture.His catch in theatre of architecture the Great Compromiser undisputed. The character of the structures he intentional obligate not a manner kinda a contemplation of awareness which encourage other versions of the forms in the contemporary society (Hoffman 21 Levine 217). several(prenominal) other architects force inhalant from the law of proximity of enviro nmental occurrences (Hoffman 21 Levine 217). The Fallingwater serves as a contemporary internal re indueation of the elementary imply to describe with nature by gist of immersion. Forming a cantilever to a higher lay the waterfall of a winding creek, the Kaufmann mansion is nest amid the forest.The oscillation of slick water is perceive around the place and suspend balconies toss the pure tone of amalgamate with nature. much(prenominal) companionship delivers an well-read contact with the built as well as the inborn environment. The light(a) geometrical architectural forms originate to expose the intact properties present in the sanctioned structure of the internal environment. working Cited Hoffmann, Donald. thought bold Lloyd Wrights computer architecture. Chelmsford, milliampere courier capital of Delaware Publications, 1995. Levine, Neil. The Architecture of outspoken Lloyd Wright. new-sprung(prenominal) tee shirt Princeton University Press, 1996 .