The Rwandan Genocide A Perspective Analysis Through Media

Jordon Jones Genocides in Comparative Historical Perspective 01:090:292:01 Professor Douglas Greenberg Final Paper 6 December 2015 The Rwandan Genocide: A Perspective Analysis Through Media â€Å"The Tutsis are collaborators with the Belgian colonists. They stole our land. They whipped us. Now they have come back, these Tutsi rebels. They are murderers. They are cockroaches. Rwanda is our Hutu Land. We must squash the infestation. This is RTLM, Hutu Power Radio. Stay Alert. Watch your neighbors. (Hotel Rwanda).† This is a part of one of the broadcasts Radio Tà ©là ©vision des Milles Collines (RTLM) used to transmit hate propaganda to the state of Rwanda. From October 1993 to late 1994, the RTLM advanced fearmongering ethnic distinctions and misinformation to maintain the climate of fear during the genocide; it defined the Tutsis as enemies and distorted the line between the RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) and domestic Tutsis. Essentially, the RTLM was a facilitator of genocide; it was able to create a dehumanizing discourse - a discourse that procured Hutu participation in the mass killings and provided t he legitimacy for Hutu perpetrators to kill the Tutsis and moderate Hutus. But the RTLM not only mobilized the Hutu in an organized and coordinated campaign against the Tutsis, it also mobilizes the conversation about the role media plays in and against any large scale massacre. If the impacts of the RTLM are summed up, it can be said that the radio stations of the RwandanShow MoreRelatedMedia Representation of the Rwandan Genocide1202 Words   |  5 Pagesstatesmanship. Through the example of the Rwanda Genocide my argument is that representation is constitutive of the ways in which we understand the world and of the hierarchy that currently exists within mainstream media. As (Michael J. 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Answer Key Free Essays

Professor Mumford mumford@purdue. edu Econ 360 – Fall 2012 Problem Set 1 Answers True/False (30 points) 1. FALSE If (ai , bi ) : i = 1, 2, . We will write a custom essay sample on Answer Key or any similar topic only for you Order Now . . , n and (xi , yi ) : i = 1, 2,  ·  ·  · , n are sets of n pairs of numbers, then: n n n (ai xi + bi yi ) = i=1 i=1 ai x i + i=1 bi yi 2. FALSE If xi : i = 1, 2, . . . , n is a set of n numbers, then: n n n n n (xi ? x) = ? i=1 n i=1 2 x2 i ? 2? x i=1 xi + i=1 x = ? i=1 2 x2 ? n? 2 x i where x = ? 1 n i=1 xi 3. TRUE If xi : i = 1, 2, . . . , n is a set of n numbers and a is a constant, then: n n a xi = a i=1 n i=1 xi = a n x ? here x = ? 1 n i=1 xi 4. FALSE If X and Y are independent random variables then: E (Y |X) = E (Y ) 1 5. TRUE If {a1 , a2 , . . . , an } are constants and {X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn } are random variables then: n n E i=1 ai X i = i=1 ai E (Xi ) 6. FALSE For a random variable X, let  µ = E (X). The variance of X can be expressed as: V ar(X) = E X 2 ?  µ2 7. TRUE For random variables Y and X, the variance of Y conditional on X = x is given by: V ar(Y |X = x) = E Y 2 |x ? [E (Y |x)]2 8. TRUE An estimator, W , of ? is an unbiased estimator if E (W ) = ? for all possible values of ?. 9. FALSE The central limit theorem states that the average from a random sample for any population (with ? nite variance) when it is standardized, by subtracting the mean and then dividing by the standard deviation, has an asymptotic standard normal distribution. 10. TRUE The law of large numbers states that if X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn are independent, identically distributed random variables with mean  µ, then ? plim Xn =  µ 2 Multiple Choice Questions (a) ceteris paribus (b) correlation (c) causal e? ect (d) independence (20 points) 11. The idea of holding â€Å"all else equal† is known as 12. If our dataset has one observation for every state for the year 2000, then our dataset is (a) cross-sectional data (b) pooled cross-sectional data (c) time series data (d) panel data 13. If our dataset has one observation for every state for the year 2000 and another observation for each state in 2005, then our dataset is (a) cross-sectional data (b) pooled cross-sectional data (c) time series data (d) panel data 14. If our dataset has one observation for the state of Indiana each year from 1950-2005 then our dataset is (a) cross-sectional data (b) pooled cross-sectional data (c) time series data (d) panel data 15. Consider the function f (X, Y ) = (aX + bY )2 . What is (a) 2aX (b) a(aX + bY ) (c) 2a(aX + bY ) (d) a2 X ? f (X,Y ) ? X 3 Long Answer Questions (50 points) 16. The sum of squared deviations (subtracting the average value of x from each observation on x) is the sum of the squared xi minus n times the square of x. There are ? several ways to show this, here is one: n n xi (xi ? x) ? i=1 = i=1 n (xi ? x + x) (xi ? x) ? ? ? n = i=1 n (xi ? x) (xi ? x) + ? ? i=1 n x (xi ? x) ? ? = i=1 (xi ? x)2 + x ? ? i=1 n (xi ? x) ? (xi ? x) = 0, so ? and we know that i=1 n i=1 (xi ? x)2 ? 17. There are several ways to show that this expression equals the sample covariance between x and y, here is one: n n xi (yi ? y ) ? i=1 = i=1 n (xi ? x + x) (yi ? y ) ? ? ? n = i=1 n (xi ? x) (yi ? y ) + x ? ? ? i=1 (yi ? y ) ? = i=1 (xi ? x) (yi ? y ) ? ? 18. Correlation and causation are not always the same thing. (a) A negative correlation means that larger class size is associated with lower test performance. This could be because the relationship is causal meaning that having a larger class size actually hurts student performance. However, there are other reasons we might ? nd a negative relationship. For example, children from more a? uent families might be more likely to attend schools with smaller class sizes, and a? uent children generally score better on standardized tests. Another possibility is that within a school, a principal might assign the better students to smaller classes. Or, some parents might insist that their children are in the smaller classes, and these same parents tend to be more involved in their children’s education. Given the potential for confounding factors such as these, ? ding a negative correlation between class size and test scores is not strong evidence that smaller 4 class sizes actually lead to better performance. Thus, without other information, we cannot draw a meaningful economic conclusions. A correct answer should explain that we should be careful about drawing economic conclusions from simple correlations. (b) The sample correlation between N and T is de? ned as: s rN T = N T sN sT where the sample covariance, sN T , is given by: sN T = 1 999 1000 ? Ni ? N i=1 ? Ti ? T and the sample standard deviations are given by: sN = 1 999 1000 Ni ? N i=1 2 sT = 1 999 1000 ? Ti ? T i=1 2 Note that there are several alternative ways to write this and statistical programs generally use other algorithms to calculate the correlation that are less prone to loss of precision due to roundo? error or storage over? ow. 19. Wage data (a) There are 526 observations. (b) There are 274 men in the sample. This means that the sample is 52. 09 percent male. (c) The average level of education in the sample is 12. 6 years. The median level of education is 12 years. (d) The highest education level in the sample is 18 years of school. 9 people in the sample report having 18 years of education. (e) The average hourly wage in the sample is $5. 90. The median hourly wage in the sample is $4. 65. 20. Fertility data (a) There are 363 women in the sample. (b) The average number of children ever born to a woman in the sample is 2. 3. The median number is 2. (c) The largest number of children ever born to a woman in the sample 7. Six women report having seven children. (d) 25 percent of the sample lived in the eastern United States at age 16. (e) The average level of eduction in the sample is 13. 2 years. 5 How to cite Answer Key, Essay examples

Macroeconomic Patterns And Monetary Policy -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Macroeconomic Patterns And Monetary Policy? Answer: Introducation In the current scenario, a steep fall in the GDP of Australia can be evident in the last two years. Additionally, the increase in the level of unemployment has made it difficult for the Australian Government to manage proper economic balance. The primary reason for the economic downturn in Australia is the downfall in business investment (Tuan, 2012). Moreover, the government budget deficits have become another major issue for the Australian economy. However, Mr. Malcolm Turnbull took several initiatives to cut down government expenditures in all aspects. As a result of the government spending cut down, an unwillingness to invest in the country can be evident after the announcement of the policy. Later on, the Reserve Bank of Australia reduced the cash rate in the country in order to meet the crisis situation and promote business investment in the economy (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2017). It can be seen through the previous data that the Reserve Bank of Australia has kept the offici al cash rate at an historic low level of 1.5 percent for consecutive 13 months. On the basis of the above information, the paper has been developed to answer two major points that are the impact of a fall in the interest rate over the business investment in the nation and the after effect of increase in business investment over the aggregate demand curve, price level and real GDP of the nation. During the period of economic downturn, the Central Banks of most of the nations including different developed as well as developing countries have reduced the benchmark cash rate in order to boost the economic growth and maintain stability in the market. In the same manner, the initiative taken by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to reduce the cash rate to a historic low of 1.5 percent can be considered as an essential part of the monetary policy of the nation (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2017). According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2017), the RBA has trim down the interest rate from 4.25 percent in the year 2012 to 1.5 percent in the year 2016 (Tradingeconomics.com, 2017). On the basis of the interest rate cut in the Australian market, an increase in the flow of money can be seen in the country. A figure has been given below in order to present the previous five years interest rate of Australia for further consideration. Due to the fall in the interest rate, the cost of taking loan will reduce in the Australian market that will enable the entrepreneurs to low interest loans to invest the money in new businesses (Catala?n, Guajardo and Hoffmaister, 2008). Furthermore, the low interest loans will increase the demand for credits that will further leads to increase in the flow of money in the open market. Additionally, the fall in the interest rate leads to a decrease in the return from bank savings (Catala?n, Guajardo and Hoffmaister, 2008). In other words, the interest earned from savings accounts and fixed deposits will decrease due to the fall in the cash rate that will enforce the common public to utilise their money in the form of business investments in place of keeping them in the bank accounts. Hence, it can be seen that the fall in the interest rate leads to increase in the flow of money that promotes business investment in the economy. Furthermore, the fall in the interest rate enables the entrepreneurs to take low interest credits that increase the purchasing power of the consumers. For instance, if an individual gets low interest loans, the price of an asset become cheaper for the buyer (Shaffer, 2017). The buyer has to pay less amount of money as compared to the previous amount with high interest rate. The increase in the purchasing power increases the demand in the market and provides business growth opportunities (Shaffer, 2017). Hence, it can be seen that the fall in the interest rate will increase the aggregate demand in the market due to increase in the purchasing power and enforce the small as well as big entrepreneurs to invest more money in the market. The discussion has revealed that lower rate of benchmark interest rate can increase substantial investments in business in Australia. Assuming the concept, it is required to analyse the impact of increased business investment on aggregated demand curve, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Price Level in the economy. In the underlying section, the effect of the rise in business investment on the three aforementioned economic aspects has been demonstrated providing a figure. Convincingly, higher business investment due to lower interest rate will certainly increase the monetary flow in the Australian economy. Clearly, higher investment in business will lead to higher income status of the Australian citizens. As a result of the scenario, the purchasing power of the common people will be boosted (Phan, 2014). Evidently, the higher purchasing power of people will mostly contribute towards shift in aggregated demand curve towards the right side. As shown in above figure, the aggregated demand curve will be moved from AD to AD1 pointing to a growth in aggregated demand scenario. Effectively, it can be stated that increase in capital flow and business investment due to lower benchmark interest rate will influence the buying power of the Australian. Hence, the aggregated demand will increase. However, as shown in the above figure, aggregated supply of the economy will be constant in the short-term period at AS. In terms of analysing the effect of higher business investment on Australian GDP, higher aggregated demand will undoubtedly result in an increase in aggregated consumption. Evidently, due rise in consumption of goods and services, the Gross Domestic Product of the economy will be boosted (Scott, Rabanal and Kannan, 2009). As shown in the above figure, the increase in aggregated demand from AD to AD1 has eventually contributed towards increase in the real GDP from Q1 to Q2. For better understanding of the event, another theoretical concept can be demonstrated. Due to rise in flow of capital, common people will receive more money on hand to spend. Hence, rise in aggregated demand will influence higher real GDP of the nation. On the other hand, the impact of the increase business investment on Price Level scenario of the economy will need to be described. According to the theoretical concept of demand and supply, lower benchmark interest rate will mean significant smaller interest on borrowing. Hence, the cost of borrowing will be reduced for the business firms (Cobham, 2015). Inspired by the scenario, the firms will borrow more money from the financial institutions such as banks for business growth and developed. Therefore, the monetary flow in the market will be increased in a massive way. Due to the event, the aggregated price level in Australian economy will significantly show an increase (Fender, 2012). As illustrated in the above figure, an increase in the aggregated demand from AD to AD1 will lead to the rise in the aggregated Price Level of products from P1 to P2. Furthermore, the increased price level can cause rise in inflation as well. The entire analysis has revealed that the decision of the RBA to maintain a lower benchmark interest rate can deliver positive impact on the overall economic status. Certainly, influenced by the lower rate of interest, the firms and business organisations will be encouraged to borrow more money leading towards higher business environment. Apart from that, higher investment in market will provide an increase in the income status of the Australian as well. As an outcome of the scenario, the people will be influenced to spend more and purchase more. Conclusively, the situation will lead to higher aggregated demand, Real Gross Domestic Product, and Price Level of Products in Australian economy. References Catala?n, M., Guajardo, J. and Hoffmaister, A. (2008).Global aging and declining world interest rates. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, IMF Institute and European Dept. Cobham, D. (2015). Monetary Analysis and Monetary Policy Frameworks: Introduction.The Manchester School, 83, pp.1-4. Fender, J. (2012).Monetary policy. 3rd ed. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. Forstater, M. (2016).Economics. 5th ed. London: A. C. Black. Phan, T. (2014). Output Composition of the Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism: Is Australia Different?.Economic Record, 90(290), pp.382-399. Reserve Bank of Australia. (2017).Cash Rate | RBA. [online] Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/cash-rate/ [Accessed Oct. 2017]. Scott, A., Rabanal, P. and Kannan, P. (2009).Macroeconomic Patterns and Monetary Policy in the Run-up to Asset Price Busts. 3rd ed. Washington: International Monetary Fund. Shaffer, L. (2017).Reserve Bank of Australia keeps benchmark rate unchanged at 1.5 percent. [online] CNBC. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/04/reserve-bank-of-australia-keeps-benchmark-rate-unchanged-at-1-5-percent:-reuters.html [Accessed Oct. 2017]. Tradingeconomics.com. (2017).Australia Interest Rate | 1990-2017 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. [online] Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/interest-rate [Accessed Oct. 2017]. Tuan, B. (2012). Monetary Policy Surprises and Interest Rates: Evidence from Australia.SSRN Electronic Journal.